According to Smeltzer(2010),the respiratory system is composed of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Together, the two tracts are responsible for ventilation (movement of air in and out of the airways). The upper respiratory tract, known as the upper airway, warms
and filters inspired air so that the low er respiratory tract (the lungs) can accomplish gas exchange. Gas exchange involves delivering oxygen to the tissues through the bloodstream and expelling waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, during expiration. The respiratory system works in concert with the cardiovascular system; the respiratory system is responsible for ventilation and diffusion, and the cardiovascular system is responsible for perfusion (Smeltzer et al,2010).
Upper Respiratory Tract
Upper airway structures consists of the nose,sinuses (frontal, etmiodal,sphenoidal,maxillary)and nasal passages,phaynx,tonsils and adenoids,larynx and trachea(Smeltzer et al,2010).According to Sembulingam(2012),the upper respiratory tract includes all the structures from nose up to vocal cords.Vocal cords are the folds of the mucous membrane within larynx that vibrate to produce the voice(Sembulingam et al,2012).
Lower Respiratory Tract
The lower respiratory tract consists of the lungs ,which contains the bronchial and alveolar structures needed for gas exchange(Smeltzer et al,2010).According to Sembulingam(2012), the lower respiratory tract include the trachea,bronchi and lungs(Sembulingam et al,2012).
Functions of the Respiratory System
1. Gas exchange
2. Respiration
3. Ventilation
4. Oxygen transport
5. Carbondioxide transport
6. Ventilation and perfusion balance and imbalance
7. Neurological control of Ventilation.
8. Pulmonary diffussion and perfusion(Smeltzer et al,2012).
TYPES OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES
1. Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Rhinitis,Epistaxis,Sinusitis,Adenoiditis,Laryngitis,Tonsilitis,Pharyngitis.
2. Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Pneumonia,Pulmonary Tuberculosis,Bronchiolitis,Bronchiectasis,Asthma/Bronchospasm/Allergies,
AEITIOLOGY/CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES
According to Liu(,2014)espiratory tract infection etiology is complex and diverse .In developed countries the major cause of acute respiratory diseases in children and adults are influenza Aand B viruses(infa,infB),parainfluenza virus type1 (PIV),PIV2,PIV3,respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV) and rhinovirus .However, there is a lack of data on the characteristics of acute respiratory infection in developing nations.over the past decades,a number of new pathogens have been reported,including human metapneumovirus(HMNV).(Liu et al,2014)
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